Rationality and Humour in Counselling †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Rationality and Humour in Counselling. Answer: Introduction An individual addresses various issues and challenges in life that leads to uncertain behavioural changes. Some individuals are unable to cope up with these changes leading to adverse psychological and habitual breakdown. Such breakdown of the individuals can be treated through counselling thereby, providing an opportunity for them to revive and lead a normal lifestyle. As commented by McLeod (2013), counselling is defined as a professional relationship that provides support to groups, individuals and families to cope up with psychological and health issues. Therefore, counselling is the way of providing mental support, guidance and advice to individuals by counsellors. The individuals share their personal conflicts, dilemmas and grievances to the counsellors to seek advice for betterment. For example, people become alcoholic if they are unable to cope up with their failures in life that results in depression (Blum 2012). Such habits affect the lifestyle of the individual along with the people surrounding them. Therefore, counselling helps in providing guidance and motivates the individuals for improvement in their life. This report consists of the various roles and approaches of counselling in treating alcoholism as this adversely affects the life of the individuals and the people surrounding them. There is no solid and proven evidence of why individuals become alcoholic at particular age. According to Shin, Shin and Yeoun (2012), individuals become alcoholic, as they are unable to cope up with the struggles and failures encountered by them in life. However, as argued by Parsons and Prigatano (2014), people become alcoholic due to long-term exposure to alcohol consumption. It is also suggested that people turn alcoholic due to hereditary reasons. The reasons may vary but the issues faced by the alcoholic people are similar. The alcoholic person suffers severe depression, as they are unable to perform well in life, both personally and professionally. Alcoholic people fail to concentrate in their daily activities. This leads to failure and negligence of important duties for the alcoholics. Due to their inability, the alcoholics develop aggressive nature that results in social isolation for them. The alcoholics succumb to more depression in their daily life and the struggle contin ues. Due to their nature, their family and partners also suffers. As a result, counselling is a significant option for providing them a healthier life. Causes and Impacts of Alcoholism Though the exact cause of alcoholism is still undetermined, alcohol dependency increases when an individual develops extensive drinking tendency. As mentioned by Yki-Jarvinen (2014), consumption of alcohol gives pleasure to the individual thereby, increasing the rate of alcohol consumption eventually causing harmful effect. Increased consumption of alcohol changes the chemical reactions of the brain thereby, facilitating the consumptions. Stressful surrounding environment turns an individual alcoholic when the individual fails to cope up with the stress. For example, stressful job or financial crisis makes a person alcoholic, as they are unable to handle. Such stressful environment leads to psychological disorder such as anxiety and depression thereby, increasing the chances of alcoholism (Bachman et al. 2013). Alcohol consumption provides the individuals with mental pleasure and a way of handling their stress. At certain instances, family history and alcohol consumption from an earl y age also leads to alcoholic nature among individuals. As commented by Maisel et al. (2013), the different types of alcohol use disorders are hazardous drinking, harmful drinking, binge drinking and alcohol dependence. Hazardous drinking is a pattern of consumption that increases the risk of harm whereas harmful drinking is a pattern of drinking that has likely caused the harm. Binge drinking highlights high drinking in a single session, that is, twice the daily limit. For example, 6 units for women and 8 units for men. Alcohol dependence is defined as a cluster of physiological, behavioural and cognitive phenomena conforming to the alcohol dependence syndrome. 26% of the adult population have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) that includes 38% of men 16% of women aged 16-64, 23% of the adult population are hazardous or harmful alcohol users (7.1 million people in England) and 21% of men and 9% of women engage in binge drinking. Health problems associated with alcoholism signifies 11% male hypertensives, 65% suicide attempts, 20-30% all accidents, 39% deaths in fires, 37% pedestrians killed, 15% hospital admissions, 80% AE contact - peak time, 125,000 facial injuries yearly and 10,000 people attend alcohol services each day (Lieber 2012). Moreover, the social problems include 23% child neglect cases, 13% child emotional abuse, 10% physical 5% sexual, 50% child protection cases, 20% school exclusions and 60-70% domestic assaults (Kissin and Begleiter 2013). Concept of Counselling and Counselling Approaches According to Klein (2012), the concept of counselling highlights intense listening and talking between the affected individual and the counsellor. In the process, the affected person is able to express their emotions and thoughts they are currently going through without any hesitation thereby, providing an opportunity for the individuals to resolve shame, denial and guilt. The various approaches of counselling play a significant role for the counselling professionals as it provides a particular framework for integrity. This allows the counsellors to appropriately understand, interpret and take actions suitably. In counselling, integrity and consistency are essential for accomplishing the goals in terms of helping the affected or suffering individuals. Therefore, the consistent frameworks provided by the counselling approaches are used to view the issue of the client suitably. As asserted by Bond (2015), the counselling approaches are used as metaphors, a concise way of conceptualising the issue or situation of the client. This also provides a broader approach to view and solve the challenges of the clients. Counselling approaches uses a generalised way of viewing the issues of the clients that helps in clarifying the understanding that helps the counsellors to draw similar conclusions about different situations thereby, creating and developing knowledge. As commented by Moon (2014), counselling approaches acts as road maps or guidance for counsellors for achieving ultimate results. Counsellors can rely on the counselling approaches blindly as it provides direction and ensuring that the clients are helped appropriately. Post counselling, required actions need to be taken to make the counselling more effective and impactful. The counselling session will be successful if both the counsellor and the client are comfortable to each other by talking and working through the personal problems. The counsellors help the clients in addressing their problems in a positive manner. Therefore, this provides an opportunity of clarifying the issues, exploring different actions, developing strategies and finally increasing self-awareness. The basic principles of counselling includes empathy, listening, positive regard unconditionally, concreteness, genuiness, open questions and self-disclosure (McMahon et al. 2012). Therefore, counselling help individuals in opening up without any hesitation, making proper life choices and self- development. This also provides an opportunity for the clients to develop a better understanding of their inner self thereby, clearly understanding own problems and challenges. In order to improve the lifestyle and mental state of the people suffering from alcoholism, counsellors play a significa nt role. The counsellors help in understanding the mindset of the alcoholics and try to find out the reason they opted for this lifestyle. This allows the counsellors to understand the life experience of the alcoholics and provide them mental support for leading an improved lifestyle. Characteristics and Principles of Counselling Counselling is considered as a problem-solving approach that provides an opportunity for the client to think through and resolve the issue that bothers the client. As commented by Norman and Ryrie (2013), counselling is more of a cooperative approach that involves two individuals to solve a particular problem. Counselling is a mutual learning process that includes an individual that requires help and a trained professional providing help thereby, orienting and directing the individual towards a goal. This ensures maximum growth and development of the surrounding environment of the individual. As mentioned by McNiff (2013), the basic counselling principles include principle of acceptance, permissiveness, and respect for individual, thinking with the individual, learning and consistency with ideals democracy. According to the principle of acceptance, the counsellor needs to accept each client as an individual thereby, providing due regards to the rights of the clients. Accepting each o ther helps in building a supportive and comfortable environment for the counsellor and the client without judging each other. The principle of permissiveness helps in developing a relationship that promotes optimism thereby, constructing the environment according to the client. In the relationship of counselling, all the relative thoughts are accepted. As mentioned by Joyce and Sills (2014), another important principle of counselling is respect for the individual. The counsellor must not form and develop any idea about the client by judging the situation. Respect for the client helps in providing an unbiased approach by the counsellor thereby, achieving maximum effectiveness. Moreover, the principle of consistency with ideals and democracy in counselling highlights that each client needs to be accepted individually and respected for their beliefs and rights. According to counselling, the ideals of an individual needs to be respected. The counsellor needs to listen patiently to the client in order to develop understanding of the situation of the client. While listening to the client, the counsellor needs to have a clear mind without forming a prior judgement. Some of the other significant characteristics of counselling are that the counsellor needs to listen properly and must be warm and observant towards the client. Being observant during the counselling session provides an opportunity to decode the non-verbal communications of the client appropriately. Facial expression, voice tone, body posture will help in decoding valuable information about the client. A warm approach helps in building a suitable environment and positive environment during counselling thereby, communicating without any hesitation. Cognitive Behavioural Approaches of Counselling Cognitive behavioural approaches are one of the most essential and effective approaches in counselling. As mentioned by Trower, Jones and Dryden (2015), the concept of cognitive behavioural therapy highlights the therapy conducted by talking. This provides an opportunity for the individuals to manage their issues and problems by changing the way they think and behave towards a particular situation. Cognitive behavioural approach is effective in treating severe health and psychological problems. The three basic principles of cognitive behavioural approach are behaviour, thoughts and beliefs. It is completely dependent on individual core beliefs. Cognitive behavioural approach is a method of psychotherapy for short or limited time that includes practical approaches in solving problems. This approach helps in changing the thinking pattern or behaviour of individuals that leads to difficult situations thereby, changing the way they feel. According to Dryden and Mytton (2016), cognitive b ehavioural approaches are used to treat individuals those have restricted ideas that rule their happiness thereby, leading to depression and unhappiness. While using the cognitive behavioural approach, a supportive relationship needs to be established with the client. In addition to, a systematic plan needs to be implemented to challenge the damaging thoughts of the individual thereby, motivating and encouraging. Motivation and encouragement will enable the individual to implement new ways of thinking and seeing the current situation with different perspective. As mentioned by Neenan and Dryden (2013), the three main type of cognition that rules and strongly influences behaviour of the individuals are information processing, automatic thoughts and the often unspoken rules and beliefs of the individuals. The approach helps in breaking down the serious problems of the individuals in a positive manner thereby, improving the feeling towards a particular situation. Moreover, cognitive behavioural approach emphasises on the present problems of the individuals rather than dealing with problems faced by the individual in the past. Therefore, this provides an opportunity for the counsellors to improve the mind state of the individual on a daily basis. As a result, occurrence of any negative thoughts or approaches within the individual is strictly prohibited due to daily counselling. Cognitive behavioural approach is helpful where only medicinal approach has failed. For example, alcoholism treatment can be treated with cognitive behavioural therapy a s having only medical interventions generally fail. Practical and useful strategies along with the short duration of the approach are a major advantage. Humanistic Approach of Counselling Humanism is a psychological perspective that highlights the study of a person as a whole. A humanistic psychologist not only observes the client through the eyes of a therapist but also observes them as a normal person who has varied behaviours. Humanistic approach is sometimes called a phenomenological approach. This means that the therapist observes their client from the viewpoint of subjective experience. The behaviour of every individual is analyzed through their unique perception of observing the world (Lemberger and Hutchison 2014). Humanism assumes that every individual is free to make their choices and they are solely responsible for their behaviour. No individual can understand any other persons behaviour without experiencing his or her position (Dryden and Mytton 2016). Lastly, it assumes that every person has the capacity for growth. Carl Rogers is one of the eminent names in Humanism who believed that every individual could achieve their desires, goals and wishes in life (Castonguay and Hill 2012). Roger in this theory talked about two basic human needs, namely Self Actualization and Positive regards. Roger believed that human being have one basic need that is to self actualize, which means to fulfil ones achievements and goals in their life. Roger also claimed that the need to receive respect, affection and attention is very important to build self-confidence. The basic human problem is that there is a lot of conflict between these two needs of the individuals. There is a lot of conflict about real self t hat emphasizes on the personal experiences like feelings wishes and perceptions and the self-concept that emphasizes on the persons conception of their own self-construction (Rogers 2013). Person centred counselling does Humanism give an approach of counselling. It is also known as Client centred therapy. In this type of counselling, the therapist helps the client to bring themselves closer to their real self. The three key conditions or steps of person-centred therapy are Empathic Understanding, Unconditional Positive Regard and Congruence. In empathic understanding, the counsellor initiates sensitivity and understandings towards the situation faced by the client. In unconditional positive regard, the therapist acceptance and respect towards their client. Lastly, in congruence, the therapists encourage the clients towards knowing themselves better and show their genuineness (Rogers 2013). There are various merits and demerits of Client centred therapy. The merits are discussed in the following section. Firstly, in this type of therapy the client is the primary decision maker. Secondly, client centred therapy is very transparent. The therapist points out the problems and the client find their own way to solve the problems under the guidance of the therapist. Lastly, the therapist is always supportive and non-judgmental towards their clients. The demerits are discussed in the following section. Firstly, person centred therapy only focuses on the insights of the client and not on the external factors. Lastly, it is not possible for the therapist to be always non-judgmental and transparent. Egans Integrative Approach Egans approach is drawn mainly from the concepts and methods that already exist (Mortensen et al. 2012). The Skilled Helper model given by Egan is similar to the Cognitive Analytic Theory given by Ryle and Self-confirmation model given by Andrew. The basic elements of Egan model is opportunity awareness and problem Management (Kawanami 2014). The model of Egan is used in many coaching and counselling situations where the main objective is to achieve changes in the attitude of people and to empower people that will help them to manage their own problems. The main objective of this model is to mentor the students through the process of guidance and counselling. There are three stages in this model that are used for mentoring the students. They are, namely, Exploration, Challenging and Action planning (Baines Guiness and Rourke 2017). The first stage is the stage of Exploration. In this stage, the main objective of the mentor is to find out the actual areas of the problem of their mentee. The problems are to be addressed by the therapist with a non-judgmental manner. He should observe each action done by the client, like the positive body structure, eye contact and pitch or tone of their voice. The therapist also listens to all the problems faced by the client like a mentor. He should be empathetic towards the client and the client should feel that the therapist totally understands their emotions. The therapist should also address to the problem that is the actual cause of their turmoil. The therapist should be able to bring out the untouched emotions and feelings the client is having but are unable to detect it by them. Reciprocation plays an important part. The client should feel free to have a healthy communication with their therapist (Chen 2014). The second stage involves challenging the views that already exists in the society. The therapist encourages the client to explore their thoughts. They should be able to raise questions against the old and rigid viewpoints of the society. The therapist motivates the clients to have their own point of view towards the solution of their problems. The main objective of the therapist is to encourage the client for setting goal and made progress towards it (Chen 2014). The third stage involves the planning the action that are taken by the students to achieve their goals. The therapist shows different perspectives of problem solving to the students. The therapist gives options and therefore motivates the clients to choose the wise and correct plan of action for achieving their goals. In respect to alcoholism and alcoholic person, Egans Integrative approach allows the counsellors to plan the action that needs to be undertaken while treating the person. General counselling process would not be helpful, as this will not allow the counsellors to understand the alcoholics better. According to this approach, the counsellors will provide options to the alcoholic person and the individual has to select from the given options for improvement. Narrative Approaches of Counselling The post structuralism has a huge impact on Narrative Therapy. According to Ricoeur, the primary structure of narrative therapy describes the human knowledge and action. The role of the therapist in narrative therapy is to deal with children (Gonalves 2016). It is a non-pathological approach to counselling. In this type of therapy, the therapist engages the clients with several narrative ideas and stories. With a framework of narration, the client is made comfortable to talk about their problems to face the external world. The main objective of the therapist is give their full attention to the client and to understand their problem, which are unable to share with anyone else. The safety of the client is their identity is to maintained private by the therapist. The approach of the therapist should be such a way that it does not re traumatize the client. The therapist maintains a narrative approach where they use a story telling method to find out the problems that is triggering the me ntal disturbances of the client. The collaboration of the family members is of utmost importance in this form of therapy. The family of the client should be aware their traumas. With the continuous support from their family members and guidance from their therapist helps the client to come over from their trauma and lead a normal and healthy life (Tilsen and Nylund 2016). If asked the role of counsellors, the most answer is that they listen. However, some might find listening an easy task and responsibility but practically it can be difficult at times. As commented by Page and Wosket (2013), the basic and primary role of counsellors is to listen to their clients appropriately to develop a deeper understanding of their current situation. If the counsellors fail to listen appropriately, they might be unable to solve the problems of their clients. Counsellors help in building a comfortable environment for their clients to share their viewpoints and problems thereby, evaluating their thought process behind it. Counsellors listens to their clients with a structured agenda and very deliberately. For example, in the counselling approach, listening is more one-sided rather than two friends talking and listening to each other in a bus. Counsellors use their curiosity to create an environment for the clients that make them feel safe thereby, providing an opport unity to explore the deeper dimensions of their experience. Such an environment can also be achieved by letting the counselling go in its own pace rather than using many questions while conducting the session. Counselling differs from that of obtaining for suggestions from experienced people. This is because the experienced individual might not have been in the same situation therefore their suggestions might turn unhelpful. According to Bilon and Kargul (2012), counsellors are not personally attached with their clients resulting in unbiased counselling treatment. The counsellors patiently listen to their client thereby, working in directions to resolve the issue of the client. For example, people suffering from alcoholism need to attend counselling sessions in order to shape their potential minds in a better way so that it does not affect their life and their surrounding people. As asserted by Udoh and Sanni (2015), counsellors pay more attention to relations of power and prioritise the safety of the individuals. A comfortable environment for the clients is created by using more structured approach used by the counsellors. This provides an opportunity to share their beliefs without hesita tion with the counsellors. The counsellors emphasises on aiding in the psychological development of the clients by deconstructing their problems in a stepwise manner (Kufner and Feuerlein 2012). Only medical intervention is difficult to treat alcoholism and people with alcoholic nature. Along with medical intervention, counselling intervention is essential to treat such patients. Counselling helps in developing deeper understanding of the reason and nature of the alcoholic thereby, providing them psychological support for lifestyle and health improvement. Recovery through Counselling Counselling helps in recovery from psychological disturbances, mental issues and health issues. As commented by Younis et al. (2012), counselling provides an opportunity for the individuals to open up freely in front of a professional. The professional patiently listens to the client without been biased. Counselling helps in looking at the nature and scale of the issue the client is currently facing. The counsellor helps in understanding the concept of the client thereby, implementing strategic interventions to resolve the issue. According to Kidd et al. (2014), counselling helps in changing the way of thinking of an individual. Counselling sessions are conducted at regular intervals, each session lasting around 30-60 minutes depending upon the present condition of the client. Attending the counselling sessions at regular intervals provides an opportunity to explore the emerging issues of engagement. The counselling sessions tend to change the thought process of the individuals by po sitive thoughts, as the individuals are able to open up without hesitation. As commented by Teixeira et al. (2012), the process of counselling provides continuous motivation to the individuals thereby, eradicating occurrence of any negative thoughts. The fact that the individuals attend the counselling session at regular intervals prevent the occurrence of negative thoughts and approaches within the individuals. Motivation helps in changing the viewpoint and thought process of the individuals. Individuals recover fast due to the motivation provided through counselling. This helps in treating mental disorder such as anxiety, depression along with fighting against any addiction such as drug addiction or alcoholism. The use and implementation of counselling approaches provides a practical, structured and realistic way for treating the individuals. Different approaches help in using different techniques of counselling that changes their way of thinking or changes their perspective of seeing things around them. The motivation received by individuals through counselling helps in developing positive thoughts thereby, facilitating speedy recovery. Counselling also helps in creating therapeutic alliance with the individuals suffering from psychological and health issues thereby, ensuring trust on the counsellors. Moreover, referring the patients with support groups makes the motivation more effective therefore, facilitating speedy recovery. Impact of Counselling on treating alcoholism Alcoholism is a significant problem noticed among individuals that develops with time due to problems and challenges faced by the individuals from their surrounding environment. As mentioned by Nadkarni et al. (2015), a person suffering from alcoholism needs to undergo rehabilitation program that include both medical intervention and counselling. Alcoholism is considered as a disease thereby, making it a severe health issue faced by many individuals in modern age. The principle reason of counselling for alcoholic individuals is to identify and evaluate the psychological reasons of the addiction. Along with medicine, counselling helps in altering the thought process of the alcoholic person (Owen-Pugh and Allen 2012). Therefore, counselling helps in retraining the brain to a more rational way of thinking. Alcohol counselling will help in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD) by providing appropriate support and guidance. Implementation of comprehensive recovery plans will provide an oppo rtunity for the counsellors to treat the entire person thereby, investigating their past and present situations leading to high alcohol dependency. Alcohol counselling helps in motivating the affected individuals that change their though process reducing their alcohol dependency. As mentioned by Rehm and Roerecke (2013), alcohol counselling provides adequate information about alcoholism thereby, discussing the recovery process in details. Counselling will help in building a therapeutic relationship with the alcoholic person thereby, ensuring trust on the counsellor. The counsellors emphasise on developing strong relationship with the alcoholic individual ensuring trust. This makes the alcoholic person provide subsequent assurance from the counsellor that they are safe in sharing their problems. As commented by Vrieze et al. (2013), recovery from alcohol use dependency (AUD) is difficult for individuals as they fail to recognise their own pattern of abuse. The patients are generally frustrated with their surrounding environment that increases their alcohol dependency. Therefore, counselling helps in providing encouragement and motivation to the patient reducing their level of frustration. The counsellors help in developing a relapse prevention plan in the case of providing counselling for the patient. The counsellors meet the family members of the patient to provide guidance for helping the recovery of the patient. Conclusion In this report, it can be concluded that the various counselling approaches are used for treating health disorder such as alcoholism. The concept of counselling provides an opportunity for continuous listening thereby, creating a safe and friendly environment for the patient to open up. The counsellors have an unbiased approach towards the patients thereby, ensuring trust to share their viewpoints and story of struggle. Different counselling approaches use different techniques of conducting counselling to the patients. The counselling approaches provide a road map for the counsellors to achieve successful results. Counselling provides continuous motivation and encouragement to the patients. This allows the patients get rid of health issues such as alcoholism by coping up to with their stressful surrounding. References Bachman, J.G., Wadsworth, K.N., O'Malley, P.M., Johnston, L.D. and Schulenberg, J.E., 2013. Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: The impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities. Psychology Press. Baines, C.R., McGuiness, W. and O'Rourke, G.A., 2017. An integrative review of skin assessment tools used to evaluate skin injury related to external beam radiation therapy.Journal of clinical nursing,26(7-8), pp.1137-1144. 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